Abstract

Climate migration has emerged as one of the most significant consequences of climate change, driven by a complex 
interaction of environmental, economic, social, and political factors. This paper examines the key drivers of climate 
migration, including environmental degradation, extreme weather events, livelihood disruptions, and governance 
challenges. It explores the ways in which climate-induced mobility manifests through displacement, planned 
relocation, and adaptive migration strategies. The study further analyzes adaptation pathways aimed at enhancing 
resilience, reducing vulnerability, and supporting affected populations through both relocation and non-relocation 
measures. Particular attention is given to the governance of climate migration, highlighting the roles of 
international cooperation, national policy frameworks, local institutions, and community participation in managing 
climate-related mobility. Drawing on evidence from coastal regions, inland floodplains, and arid and drought
prone areas, the paper demonstrates that climate migration is not solely an environmental phenomenon but a 
multidimensional development and governance challenge. The findings underscore the need for integrated policies 
that combine climate adaptation, sustainable development, and human mobility management. Strengthening 
resilience at the local level, improving data systems, and fostering collaborative governance are essential for 
addressing the growing impacts of climate change on migration and ensuring the protection and well-being of 
vulnerable populations.