Abstract

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are two of the most pressing global health concerns, often coexisting as part 
of a complex metabolic syndrome. At the heart of both conditions is adipose dysfunction, which contributes to 
insulin resistance, disturbed lipid metabolism, and impaired glucose control. While traditional therapeutic 
strategies focus on symptom management, they often fail to target the underlying causes of adipose dysfunction 
and glycemic dysregulation. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution, offering the ability to 
precisely address the molecular mechanisms involved in obesity and diabetes through targeted drug delivery, 
modulation of inflammatory pathways, and restoration of insulin sensitivity. By leveraging the unique properties 
of nanoparticles, nanocarriers can be designed to specifically target adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and pancreas 
which are key organs involved in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. This review examines the 
transformative role of nanotechnology in managing adipose dysfunction and glycemic control, focusing on its 
potential to modulate lipid metabolism, improve insulin sensitivity, and enhance therapeutic outcomes in 
obesity-related metabolic diseases. The article also discusses the challenges in translating nanomedicine from 
the laboratory to clinical practice and highlights the translational opportunities for nanotechnology in treating 
obesity and diabetes.