Abstract

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach to targeting metabolic disorders, particularly insulin 
resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), by addressing the underlying chronic inflammation in white 
adipose tissue (WAT). In obesity, WAT undergoes hypertrophy and dysregulation, leading to an infiltration of 
immune cells such as macrophages, which secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby exacerbating IR and 
contributing to the development of MetS. Traditional therapies, including insulin sensitizers, face limitations 
due to systemic side effects and suboptimal targeting of inflamed adipose tissue. Nanotechnology, with its ability 
to deliver therapeutic agents precisely to WAT, offers a solution to these challenges. This review explores the 
role of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and nanosensors, in 
targeting inflamed adipocytes. Nanoparticles can be designed to encapsulate anti-inflammatory agents, 
modulate immune responses, and restore insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. We provide an in-depth overview 
of various nanotechnology-based strategies for targeting WAT inflammation, including the development of 
functionalized nanocarriers that improve drug delivery specificity and minimize adverse effects. Furthermore, 
we examine the potential for clinical translation of these approaches and address the challenges, such as 
biocompatibility, targeting efficiency, and scalability. Ultimately, nanotechnology holds promise in providing 
more effective, personalized treatments for individuals suffering from IR and MetS, addressing the root causes 
of these disorders at the cellular level.