Abstract

Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation within adipose tissue, which plays a central role in 
the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic complications. 
Conventional anti-inflammatory and metabolic therapies often lack tissue specificity, leading to limited efficacy 
and systemic side effects. Nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful platform to overcome these limitations by 
enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents directly to inflamed adipose tissue. Nanocarriers can be 
engineered to exploit adipose tissue vascularization, immune cell infiltration, and molecular signatures 
associated with obesity-induced inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of 
nanotechnology-based strategies for targeting adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. We discuss the 
underlying mechanisms of adipose tissue inflammation, design principles of nanocarriers, and current 
nanotherapeutic approaches, including drug-loaded nanoparticles, gene delivery systems, and biomimetic 
platforms. Key challenges such as biological barriers, safety, scalability, and regulatory considerations are 
critically examined. Finally, we highlight emerging therapeutic opportunities and future directions for 
translating nanotechnology-driven adipose tissue targeting into clinically viable obesity treatments.