Abstract

Obesity is increasingly recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition that underlies insulin resistance, 
metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Persistent low-grade inflammation, 
particularly within white adipose tissue, is driven by adipocyte dysfunction, immune cell infiltration, oxidative 
stress, and dysregulated adipokine signaling. Natural anti-inflammatory compounds derived from dietary and 
medicinal plants, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, have demonstrated significant 
potential in attenuating obesity-associated inflammation and improving metabolic outcomes. However, their 
clinical translation is limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and a lack of tissue 
specificity. Nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems offer innovative solutions to overcome these 
limitations by enhancing stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of natural bioactives. Nanocarriers such 
as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, nanoemulsions, and nanomicelles enable controlled and site
specific release of natural compounds, maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. 
This review comprehensively examines the pathophysiological basis of inflammation in obesity, the anti
inflammatory mechanisms of natural compounds, and the role of nanotechnology in optimizing their delivery. 
Current advances, therapeutic applications, translational challenges, and future perspectives are discussed, 
highlighting nanotechnology-enabled natural therapeutics as a promising strategy for sustainable and 
personalized obesity management.