Abstract

Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation and chronic low-grade inflammation, contributes 
significantly to metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The 
interplay between the gut microbiota and adipose tissue inflammation, known as the gut–adipose axis, is central 
to the pathogenesis of obesity-related complications. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, triggers 
systemic inflammation that affects adipose tissue, promoting the development of insulin resistance and metabolic 
syndrome. Nanotechnology offers innovative approaches to modulate this gut–adipose axis by targeting the 
underlying inflammatory processes. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs), nanostructured lipid carriers 
(NLCs), and nanocomposites, can deliver anti-inflammatory agents or probiotics to modulate gut microbiota 
composition, improve intestinal permeability, and directly reduce adipose tissue inflammation. These smart 
nanomaterials respond to the microenvironmental signals of inflammation, offering controlled and targeted 
delivery of therapeutic agents, thereby improving the effectiveness of treatment while minimizing side effects. 
This review discusses the role of nanotechnology in modulating the gut–adipose axis inflammation in obesity, 
the mechanisms of action, current therapeutic applications, and challenges associated with translating 
nanotechnologies into clinical practice. By harnessing nanotechnology, new strategies for managing obesity and 
its related metabolic disorders could emerge, offering personalized, effective treatments.