Abstract

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men and the worldwide burden of this disease is rising. Lifestyle
modifications such as smoking cessation, exercise, and weight control offer opportunities to reduce the risk of
developing prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is
controversial, but changes in the PSA threshold, frequency of screening, and the use of other biomarkers have the
potential to minimize the overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening. Several new biomarkers for individuals with
raised PSA concentrations or those diagnosed with prostate cancer are likely to identify individuals who can be
spared aggressive treatment. Several pharmacological agents such as 5a-reductase inhibitors and aspirin could
prevent development of prostate cancer. In this Review, we discuss the present evidence and research questions
regarding prevention, early detection of prostate cancer, and management of men either at high risk of prostate
cancer or diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer.